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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 1999, p. 1372-1377, Vol. 65, No. 4
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Formation of Hydride-Meisenheimer Complexes of Picric Acid (2,4,6-Trinitrophenol) and 2,4-Dinitrophenol during Mineralization of Picric Acid by Nocardioides sp. Strain CB 22-2

Christian Behrend and Kerstin Heesche-Wagner*

Institut für Biochemie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, D-58453 Witten, Germany

Received 30 September 1998/Accepted 6 January 1999

There are only a few examples of microbial conversion of picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol). None of the organisms that have been described previously is able to use this compound as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy at high rates. In this study we isolated and characterized a strain, strain CB 22-2, that was able to use picric acid as a sole source of carbon and energy at concentrations up to 40 mM and at rates of 1.6 mmol · h-1 · g (dry weight) of cells-1 in continuous cultures and 920 µmol · h-1 · g (dry weight) of cells-1 in flasks. In addition, this strain was able to use picric acid as a sole source of nitrogen at comparable rates in a nitrogen-free medium. Biochemical characterization and 16S ribosomal DNA analysis revealed that strain CB 22-2 is a Nocardioides sp. strain. High-pressure liquid chromatography and UV-visible light data, the low residual chemical oxygen demand, and the stoichiometric release of 2.9 ± 0.1 mol of nitrite per mol of picric acid provided strong evidence that complete mineralization of picric acid occurred. During transformation, the metabolites detected in the culture supernatant were the [H-]-Meisenheimer complexes of picric acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol (H--DNP), as well as 2,4-dinitrophenol. Experiments performed with crude extracts revealed that H--DNP formation indeed is a physiologically relevant step in picric acid metabolism.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institut für Biochemie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Stockumer Straße 10, 58448 Witten, Germany Phone: 49-2302-669131. Fax: 49-2302-669220. E-mail: kerstinh{at}uni-wh.de.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 1999, p. 1372-1377, Vol. 65, No. 4
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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