This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Starrenburg, M. J. C. Articles by Hugenholtz, J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Starrenburg, M. J. C. Articles by Hugenholtz, J. Agricola Articles by Starrenburg, M. J. C. Articles by Hugenholtz, J.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 December; 57(12): 3535-3540
Copyright © 1991, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Citrate Fermentation by Lactococcus and Leuconostoc spp

Department of Microbiology, Netherlands Institute for Dairy Research (NIZO), Ede, The Netherlands

ABSTRACT

Citrate and lactose fermentation are subject to the same metabolic regulation. In both processes, pyruvate is the key intermediate. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis homofermentatively converted pyruvate to lactate at high dilution (growth) rates, low pH, and high lactose concentrations. Mixed-acid fermentation with formate, ethanol, and acetate as products was observed under conditions of lactose limitation in continuous culture at pH values above 6.0. An acetoin/butanediol fermentation with -acetolactate as an intermediate was found upon mild aeration in continuous culture and under conditions of excess pyruvate production from citrate. Leuconostoc spp. showed a limited metabolic flexibility. A typical heterofermentative conversion of lactose was observed under all conditions in both continuous and batch cultures. The pyruvate produced from either lactose or citrate was converted to D-lactate. Citrate utilization was pH dependent in both L. lactis and Leuconostoc spp., with maximum rates observed between pH 5.5 and 6.0. The maximum specific growth rate was slightly stimulated by citrate, in L. lactis and greatly stimulated by citrate in Leuconostoc spp., and the conversion of citrate resulted in increased growth yields on lactose for both L. lactis and Leuconostoc spp. This indicates that energy is conserved during the metabolism of citrate.

^* Corresponding author.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Santos, F., Wegkamp, A., de Vos, W. M., Smid, E. J., Hugenholtz, J. (2008). High-Level Folate Production in Fermented Foods by the B12 Producer Lactobacillus reuteri JCM1112. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 3291-3294 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Garcia-Quintans, N., Repizo, G., Martin, M., Magni, C., Lopez, P. (2008). Activation of the Diacetyl/Acetoin Pathway in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis bv. diacetylactis CRL264 by Acidic Growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 1988-1996 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sanchez, C., Neves, A. R., Cavalheiro, J., dos Santos, M. M., Garcia-Quintans, N., Lopez, P., Santos, H. (2008). Contribution of Citrate Metabolism to the Growth of Lactococcus lactis CRL264 at Low pH. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 1136-1144 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ladero, V., Ramos, A., Wiersma, A., Goffin, P., Schanck, A., Kleerebezem, M., Hugenholtz, J., Smid, E. J., Hols, P. (2007). High-Level Production of the Low-Calorie Sugar Sorbitol by Lactobacillus plantarum through Metabolic Engineering. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 1864-1872 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Camu, N., De Winter, T., Verbrugghe, K., Cleenwerck, I., Vandamme, P., Takrama, J. S., Vancanneyt, M., De Vuyst, L. (2007). Dynamics and Biodiversity of Populations of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Acetic Acid Bacteria Involved in Spontaneous Heap Fermentation of Cocoa Beans in Ghana. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 1809-1824 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Teusink, B., Wiersma, A., Molenaar, D., Francke, C., de Vos, W. M., Siezen, R. J., Smid, E. J. (2006). Analysis of Growth of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 on a Complex Medium Using a Genome-scale Metabolic Model. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 40041-40048 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vaningelgem, F., Ghijsels, V., Tsakalidou, E., De Vuyst, L. (2006). Cometabolism of Citrate and Glucose by Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 198 in the Absence of Cellular Growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 319-326 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sobczak, I., Lolkema, J. S. (2005). The 2-Hydroxycarboxylate Transporter Family: Physiology, Structure, and Mechanism. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69: 665-695 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bongers, R. S., Hoefnagel, M. H. N., Kleerebezem, M. (2005). High-Level Acetaldehyde Production in Lactococcus lactis by Metabolic Engineering. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 1109-1113 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lorquet, F., Goffin, P., Muscariello, L., Baudry, J.-B., Ladero, V., Sacco, M., Kleerebezem, M., Hols, P. (2004). Characterization and Functional Analysis of the poxB Gene, Which Encodes Pyruvate Oxidase in Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Bacteriol. 186: 3749-3759 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sybesma, W., Starrenburg, M., Tijsseling, L., Hoefnagel, M. H. N., Hugenholtz, J. (2003). Effects of Cultivation Conditions on Folate Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 4542-4548 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boels, I. C., van Kranenburg, R., Kanning, M. W., Chong, B. F., de Vos, W. M., Kleerebezem, M. (2003). Increased Exopolysaccharide Production in Lactococcus lactis due to Increased Levels of Expression of the NIZO B40 eps Gene Cluster. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 5029-5031 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bongers, R. S., Hoefnagel, M. H. N., Starrenburg, M. J. C., Siemerink, M. A. J., Arends, J. G. A., Hugenholtz, J., Kleerebezem, M. (2003). IS981-Mediated Adaptive Evolution Recovers Lactate Production by ldhB Transcription Activation in a Lactate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Strain of Lactococcus lactis. J. Bacteriol. 185: 4499-4507 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hoefnagel, M. H. N., Starrenburg, M. J. C., Martens, D. E., Hugenholtz, J., Kleerebezem, M., Van Swam, I. I., Bongers, R., Westerhoff, H. V., Snoep, J. L. (2002). Metabolic engineering of lactic acid bacteria, the combined approach: kinetic modelling, metabolic control and experimental analysis. Microbiology 148: 1003-1013 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sarantinopoulos, P., Kalantzopoulos, G., Tsakalidou, E. (2001). Citrate Metabolism by Enterococcus faecalis FAIR-E 229. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 5482-5487 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hols, P., Ramos, A., Hugenholtz, J., Delcour, J., de Vos, W. M., Santos, H., Kleerebezem, M. (1999). Acetate Utilization in Lactococcus lactis Deficient in Lactate Dehydrogenase: a Rescue Pathway for Maintaining Redox Balance. J. Bacteriol. 181: 5521-5526 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Curic, M., Stuer-Lauridsen, B., Renault, P., Nilsson, D. (1999). A General Method for Selection of alpha -Acetolactate Decarboxylase-Deficient Lactococcus lactis Mutants To Improve Diacetyl Formation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 1202-1206 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bandell, M., Lhotte, M. E., Marty-Teysset, C., Veyrat, A., Prévost, H., Dartois, V., Diviès, C., Konings, W. N., Lolkema, J. S. (1998). Mechanism of the Citrate Transporters in Carbohydrate and Citrate Cometabolism in Lactococcus and Leuconostoc Species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1594-1600 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Marty-Teysset, C., Lolkema, J. S., Schmitt, P., Divies, C., Konings, W. N. (1995). Membrane Potential-generating Transport of Citrate and Malate Catalyzed by CitP of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 25370-25376 [Abstract] [Full Text]